On Oct. 14, 2022, two climate protestors from the U.K. activist group Just Stop Oil were arrested for throwing tomato soup on Vincent van Gogh’s “Sunflowers” at London’s National Gallery, a Vox article reported. This method of climate activism has instigated much debate, raising particular discussion around the use of art in environmental activism.
On Sept. 22, 2022, town residents gathered in the Hadley Senior Center to review the newest draft of the town’s proposed Climate Emergency Declaration. The meeting — a “climate change public input forum,” per the Hadley, Massachusetts, town website — included presentations from local experts on the potential impacts of climate change on the town and gave opportunities for residents to voice concerns and make comments on the emergency declaration before it is acted upon by the Hadley Select Board .
Photo courtesy of Flickr.
Hurricane Fiona caused flooding and property damage across Puerto Rico on Sunday, Sept. 18.
By Shira Sadeh ’25
Science & Environment Editor
Content warning: This article mentions mass death.
On Sunday, Sept. 18, Hurricane Fiona reached Puerto Rico from the southwest, causing environmental and infrastructure disasters, an Associated Press article reported. The island scrambled to evacuate and secure shelter for residents as high-speed winds ripped out the power grid, tore up roads and caused widespread flooding. According to AP News, forecasters are predicting record levels of rainfall up to 30 inches this Sunday and Monday, Sept. 25 and 26.
Puerto Rican Governor Pedro Pierluisi has called the effects of Hurricane Fiona “catastrophic,” according to an NPR article. “In many areas, flooding is worse than what we saw during Hurricane Maria,” Pierluisi said. Health Secretary Carlos Mellado explained to AP News that health centers are currently relying on generators, which have already failed at the Comprehensive Cancer Center, where many patients had to be evacuated.
According to a Washington Post article, Fiona comes just two days before the fifth anniversary of Hurricane Maria. Maria left Puerto Rico powerless and mourning the deaths of over three thousand people, The Washington Post reported. Although the federal government had set aside billions for recovery after Hurricane Maria, The Washington Post explained that much of that money has yet to reach Puerto Rico.
According to NPR, President Joe Biden approved an emergency declaration on Sunday and authorized the Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to assist in the disaster relief efforts. The Washington Post also stated that Pierliusi is coordinating recovery efforts with leaders in New York, New Jersey and California. Additionally, the National Guard has activated 600 soldiers throughout the island and has rescued approximately 1,000 people.
Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
California’s new car policy, approved by the California Air Resources Board, requires all new vehicles to run on hydrogen or electric starting in 2035.
By Catelyn Fitzgerald ’23
Science & Environment Editor
Traffic in California is no joke. The California New Car Dealers Association reported that the state had 1.6 million new light vehicle —car and light truck — registrations just in 2020, a low number in comparison to pre-pandemic years.
In a fossil fuel-driven world, more cars mean more gasoline. California accounted for 10 percent of the country’s total motor gasoline consumption in 2020, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. However, a CNN article reported that California’s fuel consumption might drop to new lows over the coming decade, thanks to a new policy that could change transportation in the state and trigger harsher auto emissions laws across the country.
The policy, approved by the California Air Resources Board in late August, consists of a gradual ban on the sale of gasoline vehicles culminating in a total ban in 2035, a New York Times article stated. The report from CNN clarified that the ban only applies to new vehicles, meaning that used cars and trucks can continue to be sold after the policy takes effect.
According to a Los Angeles Times article, the policy will cut auto emissions in half by 2040. The article also reports that the policy will have positive health benefits, such as an estimated 1,400 fewer deaths from heart disease and 700 avoided asthma-related emergency room visits.
The effects of California’s new policy will extend far beyond the state's borders by paving the way for other states to enact similar legislation, a recent article in The Boston Globe said. California’s influence on environmental regulations goes back to the Clean Air Act, a federal law passed in 1970 that created national air quality standards and aims to address a wide range of air pollution sources, according to the EPA. Stipulations in the Clean Air Act prevent states from individually adopting air pollution regulations that are stricter than the national standard. As a populous state with ongoing air quality challenges, California is the exception to this rule and is allowed, by the Clean Air Act, to create tougher regulations. As soon as California’s policies are federally approved, any U.S. state is permitted to adopt them as its own.
Several states are already moving swiftly toward similar gas-powered vehicle bans. According to PBS, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Vermont and Washington are among those states likely to assume California’s policy. For Massachusetts, California’s ban represents a continuation of ongoing efforts to reduce auto emissions rather than a drastic new policy, says The Boston Globe. The article cites Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker’s endorsement of a strikingly similar ban back in 2020, which can now become an official part of Massachusetts state law thanks to California’s path-clearing legislation.
An important step towards reducing air pollution in the state, an article in Science Magazine points out that California’s transition away from gasoline-powered cars will also pressure electric vehicle manufacturers to address the technology’s challenges. The article states that a common issue with EVs is their slow charging time, with even high-quality chargers taking over 10 hours to charge EV batteries fully. Improvements to either the EV chargers or the EV batteries themselves can and must happen to address this issue, the article said. Scientists have taken up the challenge, but it may be some time before quick-charging EVs are widely available. Science Magazine predicts that the rise in demand for EV batteries resulting from this ban will cause the market to “splinter,” meaning that consumers will someday have a choice between several battery types, each presenting unique characteristics such as high charging capacity or low cost.
The Los Angeles Times reveals that there is an additional flaw in the policy due to its reputation as a “zero-emission vehicle mandate.” The regulation’s nickname refers to the lack of emissions from vehicles’ engines as they drive but overlooks the emissions that occur during the production of EV batteries and hydrogen fuel cells. The article explains that depending on where a household’s electricity comes from, whether from renewable sources or burning coal, charging EV batteries may still create considerable emissions.
Other concerns surrounding the EV mandate question California's ability to provide large volumes of electricity, as illustrated by an opinion piece written for The Washington Post. Author Megan McArdle calls California’s electric grids “already fragile and prone to blackouts” and questions how they could support an additional rise in demand for a fully electrified auto industry. McArdle offers some solutions to the challenge, including charging cars using household solar panels or encouraging drivers to charge their vehicles overnight when electricity demand is lower. She concludes that without considerable improvements, California’s “overstretched grid” will struggle to support EVs during peak energy use.
The aforementioned Los Angeles Times article explored how the higher cost of EVs will play into California’s policy. In a discussion with the Times, the chair of the California Air Resources Board revealed that there are ways to address this cost disparity and make buying EVs accessible for low-income residents. Solutions include improving warranties for EVs so that they may become reliable used cars for a lower cost, as well as creating state programs that offer financial aid for EV purchases. Additional measures to ensure equitability in the policy include requiring apartment complexes to provide on-site EV chargers.
Photo by Rameen Farrukh ’23.
Floods in Pakistan have displaced many and caused severe damage to the country’s infrastructure.
By Anoushka Kuswaha ’24
News Section Editor
Content warning: This article discusses mass death.
Unprecedented rainfall from the summer monsoon season has caused heavy flooding in one-third of Pakistan, according to an article by Nature Magazine. The Worldbank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal describes a monsoon as a summer rainy season typically lasting from June to September in Pakistan. Nature Magazine reports that the flooding has displaced millions, leaving them in urgent need of food, shelter and medical attention.
According to the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund Pakistan has received unprecedented levels of monsoon rains and floods. The rainfall has caused swelling of the Indus River, creating immensely long lakes, CNN reported.
Pakistan is also home to the most glaciers in the world outside of the polar regions. Due to warming climates and higher rainfall, Pakistan’s glaciers are increasingly prone to higher levels of melting, contributing further to flooding, as stated by CNN.
The deadly floods have engulfed houses, roads and infrastructure, massively impacting sources of livelihood. Due to the flood’s’ effect on land and infrastructure, the Pakistani government expects a decrease in its gross domestic product growth for the fiscal year of 2022-2023 to three percent instead of the initially-projected five percent, according to Reuters. According to Rameen Farrukh ’24, a Mount Holyoke student from Pakistan, the floods have wiped away the entirety of some families’ material possessions.
PBS reported that upwards of 33 million people have been affected by the flooding. Additionally, a statement by UNICEF calling for donations and aid states that more than 1,100 people have lost their lives due to monsoon rains. The PBS report explained that the Pakistani government has made international appeals for aid through the U.N. to repair the many damages the flooding has caused to the country’s population, infrastructure and economy. According to Reuters, these appeals to the U.N. call for $160 million in aid. According to Al Jazeera, several countries have shown interest in providing aid and relief to Pakistan. Pakistani officials stated that “more than 50 special flights carrying aid have arrived so far in the country and more are scheduled in the coming days.”
U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres arrived in Pakistan early morning on Friday, Sept. 9, to show support for the Pakistani public in the face of what the U.N. describes as a dire humanitarian crisis, UN News reported. The secretary-general stated that he was “struck by the unquantifiable depths of human suffering” he saw during his visit.
Guterres reaffirmed his claim that the cause of the crisis is closely linked to climate change, according to an article from UN News. Reuters reported that Pakistan’s government, based in the capital city of Islamabad, echoed these sentiments, blaming climate change for the devastating level of flooding.
The pledges to support Pakistan by various international governments have not gone unnoticed or unappreciated, Farrukh expressed in an interview with Mount Holyoke News. Farrukh is from the city of Multan in the Punjab province of Pakistan. However, Farrukh expressed doubts regarding the Pakistani government’s ability to fully utilize the aid provided, even if it should remain consistent.
Farrukh maintains a steadfast faith in the work of private Pakistani organizations to collect donations. Farrukh’s father has been deployed by the Pakistani government to coordinate the distribution of medical and food supplies in the city of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab Province. He is also working to establish medical camps and food banks in the district.
Due to the urgency of the crisis, evacuations are still taking place in “high alert areas in the district,” Farrukh said. Damage to infrastructure, like electricity and utility poles, has meant a lack of contact between Farrukh and her immediate family in Pakistan. Whatever contact has occurred has allowed Farrukh and her family members to gain awareness of the supplies in highest demand, such as “clothes, dry food supplies, baby food, sanitary supplies and tents,” Farrukh explained.
In a statement by UN News, Secretary-General Guterres described the floods in Pakistan as “climate carnage” and encouraged “massive and urgent financial support for Pakistan.” The Secretary-General added that aid in this time of need was not a matter of “solidarity or generosity” but rather “a question of justice.” Guterres encouraged governments worldwide to consider hastening their actions toward preventing climate change. “Let’s stop sleepwalking toward the destruction of our planet by climate change,” Guterres concluded as he launched the funding appeal.
In response to how Pakistani students on campus can best be supported at this time, Farrukh stated, “I think being mindful [that] these crises affect different people … in different ways. Some students — if not directly impacted by the flood — are indirectly affected by having their farms and crops flooded … [which] definitely affects the annual income of their family. … For some people, their parents are medical professionals or government officials who are actively working for the flood victims. Kindness is the answer.”,
A situation report from the U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs published on Aug. 26, 2022, states that the flooding affected 2 million acres of crops and 793,900 heads of livestock in Pakistan. CNN stated that further secondary damages are consistently emerging, such as difficulties with providing medical care in the wake of damage to over 800 health care institutions being damaged, with around 180 institutions closed due to permanent damage. The lack of medical institutions has created a burgeoning health crisis in the country, with severe outbreaks of “diarrheal diseases, skin infections, respiratory tract infections, malaria and dengue in the aftermath of the floods, as well as a litany of waterborne diseases,” as stated by World Health Organization Chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus in an article by CNN.
The floods come at a time of political and economic turmoil, a sentiment echoed by young Pakistanis like Farrukh, who believe that while the government “knows the high alert areas that are usually flooded during the monsoon season in Pakistan [they have] not been able to take any solid initiative in preventing populations [from residing] in the dangerous areas. Dams need to be built, but many projects have been hindered due to political unrest and change in governments over the past decade [or] so.”
Haven Coleman is a 16-year-old climate activist from Denver. Coleman’s introduction to climate change was in fifth grade, when her teacher “brought up deforestation” when talking about the ancient Amazon trade, which sparked Coleman’s curiosity about deforestation prevention and later, her interest in the wider climate movement, as reported by CNN.
Kathy Jetn̄il-Kijiner is a self-described “Marshallese poet, writer, performance artist and journalist,” according to her website. Jetn̄il-Kijiner is from the Marshall Islands and is currently based in their capital city, Majuro. According to her website, Jetn̄il-Kijiner’s main focuses are nuclear testing and climate change.
Graphic by Gabby Ganon ‘24.
By Anoushka Kuswaha ’24, Helen Gloege ’23, Lily Benn ’25 & Anh Pham ’25
Science & Environment Editor | Science and Environment Staff Writers
Content warning: This article discusses anti-Indigenous violence and gendered violence.
This week, Mount Holyoke celebrated the earth and its people with Earth Week 2022, featuring a series of talks, presentations and workshops from students, artists, staff and alumni. The week concluded with a keynote presentation by Lubicon-Cree climate and Indigenous-rights advocate Melina Laboucan-Massimo.
Mount Holyoke community members from across the world joined in the largely virtual festivities to celebrate the planet and learn how to better serve it from people actively engaging in fights against climate change.
Earth Week begins with student showcase
Mount Holyoke’s Earth Week began with an event held by the Miller Worley Center for the Environment which previewed the upcoming programming and highlighted student organizations who engage with climate-related work on campus. Attendees were given schedules detailing the Earth Week 2022 events, as well as bingo cards filled with climate-related challenges that students could complete for the opportunity to win a prize.
Various student organizations were represented at the kickoff event.
The Zowie Banteah Cultural Center “promotes visibility and empowerment for Native American and communities of Indigenous people,” according to the Center’s page on the Mount Holyoke website. Their representatives presented information on the role of Indigenous people in fighting against climate change and information about the cultural center.
The Animal Welfare Association, presented on the intersection between animal welfare and environmental rights, outlining their current Jorge information campaign, which aims to educate students on proper treatment of the campus goose. For example, they emphasized that Jorge should not be picked up or fed by students.
The event also detailed The Fridge Project — a new student project that aims to take electronic appliances from students at the end of the year and store them over the summer to give them to First-Generation and Low-Income Partnership students in the fall. This would prevent these items from going to a landfill by giving them to those who need them.
The Outing Club was also present, providing information on how to get involved with active nature engagement and appreciation.
Later during the first day of Earth Week, the Class of 1971 Climate Change Workgroup, co-sponsored by the Miller Worley Center for the Environment and Alumnae Association, held a climate film discussion. The event spotlit four climate change documentary films: “Kiss the Ground,” a documentary on regenerative soils; “2040,” a film about contemporary technologies that could reverse the effects of climate change; “Smart as Rock,” a “discussion on carbon sequestration strategies” and “Earth Emergency,” a “PBS documentary on climate tipping points and feedback loops,” according to the discussion event page. The discussion ended with a screening of the film “One Ocean,” which aims to capture the beauty of nature and the grief of the climate crisis.
Olivia Aguilar, Leslie and Director of the Miller Worley Center for the Environment and Associate Professor of Environmental Studies Sarah Miller spoke about how the solution to climate change “has to do with cultural identities” and systematic change through political actions, including “voting for the right administration” to push through large-scale policies that “pressure corporations doing the most damage.”
V.S. Raghavan, director of sustainability and associate director of the Miller Worley Center for the Environment, added that the climate crisis would not be solved by businesses coming up with profitable solutions.
Bowie Kung ’17 points to alternative economies
The idea that corporations and capitalism are harmful to the environment remained consistent among other events of Earth Week 2022. This included the discussion and presentation lead by Bowie Kung ’17 on creating alternative economies on the second day of the week.
In her presentation, Kung stated that the solution towards a sustainable future cannot be found through capitalistic means, as the measure of capitalism will always be profit. She emphasized this point, stating that “capitalism and sustainability are like oil and water — they do not mix.” Kung further stated that investment in alternative economies is a means of anti-colonial action, a mode of healing against the oppression of colonial, capitalist systems which have exploited populations around the world in the name of progress. She cited examples of alternative economies from around the world, including the Mexican Zapatista Movement and the Bronx Cooperative Development Initiative in the United States.
Kung emphasized that there are many ways those living in capitalist societies can still engage in alternative economies, stating that advocates of alternative economies should aim to “poke holes in the capitalist system, not to start living in an eco-village.” She provided examples of everyday actions that people can take towards this end, such as conscious consumption, repairing and fixing items rather than replacing them and reducing waste wherever one can.
At the end of her presentation, Kung reminded those present to remain persistent and hopeful in making change — if not for one’s own sake, then to respect the work of those who came before in fighting against systems of oppression.
“Capitalism and sustainability are like oil and water — they do not mix.”
Jen Delos Reyes speaks on collaboration & creativity
A presentation given earlier in the same day struck a similar chord to Kung’s, emphasizing community, connection and collaboration with the systems around us, struck a similar chord.
“We are the institution,” Jen Delos Reyes, a self-described creative farmer, educator, writer and radical community arts organizer based in Chicago, began. In their talk, “There Are Other Ways: Less is Enough and Other Approaches to Radical Reduction,” Delos Reyes shared their relationship with societal institutions as well as their vision on institution building and enacting cultural change.
Through their life experiences, Delos Reyes gained a tolerance for working with institutions, recognizing that institutions can be tender and vulnerable because they are built, upheld and maintained by people.
Delos Reyes was a first-generation low-income college student who faced financial and housing insecurity. Their experience of poverty and having a single immigrant mother were formative factors that made them “resourceful, adaptable and persistent.” Through their life experiences, they gained a tolerance for working with institutions, recognizing that institutions can be tender and vulnerable because they are built, upheld and maintained by people.
Delos Reyes founded Open Engagement, an organization created to support the creation of “socially-engaged art,” as described on Delos Reyes’ website. Their work as the organization’s director aimed to provide funds to economically disadvantaged artists. Delos Reyes emphasized the importance of neighborly and community bonding in the face of world crises including climate change. Open Engagement went on hiatus in 2019 after 12 years of large-scale organizing, allowing Delos Reyes and their colleagues to gain some much needed rest from the burnout associated with that level of organization.
In 2021, after using gardening as a coping mechanism to grieve their partner’s death in March 2020, Delos Reyes founded Garbage Hill Farm, located in McKinley Park in the city of Chicago. For Delos Reyes, the opening of Garbage Hill Farm meant creating a space for the surrounding community to use and where artists could rest and recharge, while also helping people see the value in the things around them, particularly in garbage.
For creative lifelong learners seeking to incorporate art into their life, Delos Reyes affirmed that making changes within systems involves considering institutions as inherently human. They emphasized the importance of community, stating that “together is better.”
However, Delos Reyes also reflected on the importance of knowing one’s own identity in a way that was not defined by the institutions around them. They emphasized the importance of self-knowledge, stating that “[everyone has] what [they] need” to give themselves agency and a sense of identity.
Sustainable Skills Workshop teaches sewing basics
Many of the sentiments invoked in both Delos Reyes and Kung’s presentations were exemplified through the Sustainable Skills Workshop, held on the third day of Earth Week.
Hosted by Jordan Lassonde ’16, assistant director of the Miller Worley Center for the Environment, the workshop focused on teaching basic sewing skills to make participants’ closets more sustainable. By fixing pre-loved clothes, creating new clothes entirely or adding embellishments to existing clothes, attendees learned how to reduce individual contribution to waste by reusing pre-existing materials and giving them new life.
Taking place in the Fimbel Maker & Innovation Lab, the three-hour workshop allotted time for detailed step-by-step instruction of both hand-sewing, stitching and sewing machine basics. Participants practiced these skills to repair or embellish either their own clothing or the provided clothes sourced from the free bins in student residence halls around campus.
Small, sustainably-created sewing kits were provided to all who attended the workshop, giving all participants resources to continue using their skills for future clothing. All kits were contained in reused glass jars and included instructions for making your own pincushion as well as starter needles, thread, pins, a tape measure, a thread clipper and starter buttons.
Melina Laboucan-Massimo gives keynote speech
The last event of Mount Holyoke College’s Earth Week activities was a keynote presentation featuring Melina Laboucan-Massimo, a Lubicon Cree activist from Northern Alberta, Canada. As an Indigenous woman, she stated that she, her community and family are impacted by the effects of colonization and capitalism every day.
“Our way of life is being replaced by industrial landscapes,” she said. Laboucan-Massimo emphasized this point with a statistic: out of seven billion people on the planet today, about 390 million Indigenous people are protecting 80 percent of the world’s biodiversity. Her organization, Sacred Earth Solar, was founded based on her and her community’s personal experiences while living near Alberta, Canada, close to a current tar sands excavation site, a notoriously environmentally destructive practice.
According to an article by Melissa Denchak for the Natural Resources Defense Council, tar sands are large deposits of sand, water and black bitumen, which is used to make synthetic oil. Excavating these pits is energy and water intensive, involving the strip mining of forests. Tar sand excavation was described by Stephen Leahy in National Geographic as “the world’s most destructive oil operation,” and is impacting all aspects of the environment and Indigenous communities in Alberta, including Laboucan-Massimo’s community.
During the keynote speech, Laboucan-Massimo explained that she and many others are impacted by not only the tar sands, but by many other injustices actively harming Indigenous communities around the world. In referencing healing justice, a term that acknowledges the impact of violence on Indigenous communities and aims to create solutions that work to heal this trauma, Laboucan-Massimo stated that the future involves “reclaiming our sacred connection and responsibility to protect Mother Earth.” She emphasized how the protection and healing of Indigenous communities is directly associated with the healing of damaged land and the wider climate.
Laboucan-Massimo also presented an interview she did with CNN, wherein she stated that the disproportionate numbers of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, girls and two-spirited people, have had a staggering impact on her own life as well as thousands of Indigenous families. Laboucan-Massimo’s sister was found murdered only a few months after her college graduation, and has yet to receive justice. During the video she presented, her interviewer from CNN stated that in America in 2016, more than 5,700 cases of MMIW were reported, while only 14 cases were investigated.
Highlighting the legacy of residential schools on Indigenous communities, Laboucan-Massimo said that she was the first generation in her family not to attend one. Created by the Canadian government, residential schools were boarding schools where Indigenous children were forcibly sent to be stripped of their culture and heritage for the purposes of assimilation into Euro-Canadian and Christian societies, according to the First Nations & Indigenous Studies Program at the University of British Columbia’s website. Laboucan-Massimo’s closest kin to survive these schools was her father.
Concluding Earth Week 2022, Laboucan-Massimo provided attendees with resources to further their education and allyship to Indigenous communities, including books, podcasts and organizations fighting for Indigenous and climate justice.
“Decolonization is a personal, systemic and collective process,” she said. “The future looks like self-determination through healing the land and healing ourselves.”
